Fabry Cardiomyopathy: A Global View

Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disease (LSD). It has been stated that the second most common LSD after Gaucher disease is Fabry disease; its worldwide incidence is from approximately 1 in 40 000 to 1 in 117 000 live newborns for the classic form of the disease, but the precise prevalence is unknown. Wide variations in the prevalence of FD have been reported in different countries and, with increasing awareness and screening, it is likely that the actual prevalence may be higher than previously recorded, particularly when late-onset phenotypes are taken into account. An accurate estimation of its epidemiology is difficult to make because FD is clinically very heterogeneous and its early classic manifestations tend to be non-specific and often unrecognized. Patients are therefore frequently mis-diagnosed, or not diagnosed until late in life. Recently a newborn screening showed an incidence of one in 3100 live-newborns, and according to this study, the later-onset forms of FD present a surprisingly high incidence 1. Lysosomal biogenesis involves ongoing synthesis of lysosomal hydrolases, membrane constitutive proteins, and new membranes. Lysosomes originate in the fusion of trans-Golgi network vesicles (TGN) with late endosomes. Progressive vesicular acidification accompanies the maturation of the TGN vesicles and this gradient facilitates the pHdependent dissociation of receptors and ligands, as well as activation of lysosomal hydrolases. Abnormalities at any stage of the biosynthesis can impair enzyme activation and lead to lysosomal storage disorder. Lysosomal integral or associated membrane proteins are sorted to the membrane or interior of the lysosome by several different signals. Phosphorylation, sulfation, additional proteolytic processing, and macromolecular assembly of heteromers occur concurrently. These are critical to enzyme function, and defects can result in multiple enzyme /protein deficiencies. The common pathway for LSD is the accumulation of specific macromolecules within tissues and cells that normally have a high flux of these substrates. The majority of lysosomal enzyme deficiencies result from point mutations or genetic arrangements at a locus that encodes a single lysosomal hydrolase3-5. Most LSDs are inherited as autosomal recessive disorders, except Hunter and FD. The latter is an X-linked inherited lysosomal storage disorder that results from mutations in the ┙galactosidase gene. The gene encoding human ┙-galactosidase A enzyme (┙-Gal A), located at Xq22.1, spans genomic sequences of approximately 13 kb, containing seven exons, which have been isolated and characterized 6,7 .